Some 60,000 migrants have entered the Spanish territory of Ceuta from Morocco in the past 24 hours, it has been announced.
That is equivalent to 70% of the city’s regular population.
At least 34 migrants have died in the process, according to Ceuta’s president.
“The situation that Ceuta is going through is absolutely unsustainable,” said Juan Jesus Vivas on Friday.
The border crisis boiled over on Thursday and continued on Friday with security forces clashing with migrants on the Moroccan side of the border.
Speaking in Ceuta, Spanish Prime Minister Pedro Sanchez condemned the breach of the border, describing the events as “a violation of Spain’s territorial integrity”.
The Spanish leader cast blame on human smugglers, saying they “deceive so many young people, and ultimately lead many of them to their deaths — whether in the ocean or, as in this case, at Spain’s border in the autonomous city of Ceuta”.
Live footage of the border showed hundreds of migrants gathered on a hill overlooking Ceuta being dispersed with tear gas by Moroccan forces, while others continued to swim to the Spanish territory.
At the same time, large groups of migrants walked back from Ceuta towards Morocco to return home.
Rachid Sbihi, who leads a local workers association representing Civil Guard officers, called the situation a “serious humanitarian crisis”, saying thousands of migrants, including unaccompanied children, were left sleeping in parks and on pavements, while others roamed the streets aimlessly.
“People are still entering. The reinforcements, including Spanish military troops, that have arrived are only helping the injured and other humanitarian efforts,” he said. “It’s chaotic.”
Among those who died, many drowned, Mr Sbihi said, but some were also killed in a stampede to cross the breakwater fence at Tarajal, an urban beach near a border checkpoint with Morocco.
Ahmed Karim, a 33-year old Moroccan, said he had crossed into Ceuta because of the lack of jobs in his country.
“Many people want to go to Europe, America, but they don’t have the opportunity,” Mr Karim said.
On Friday morning, the waters near the border fence were littered with buoys, shoes and other belongings left behind.
Moroccan police deployed additional personnel, used water cannons and fired warning shots into the air to prevent migrants from crossing into Ceuta, according to rights groups in Morocco.
“Despite the heavy police presence, people crossed through the waterway, while the land border remained closed,” said Achraf Maimouni, a human rights activist in Fnideq, the Moroccan city bordering Ceuta.
Migrants arrested at the border were taken further into Morocco, away from Ceuta “but people are still coming”, he said.
Morocco’s ambassador to Spain expressed hope that those who crossed from Morocco into the Spanish territory would return. Karima Benyaich described the situation in Ceuta as difficult, saying it had unfolded against Morocco’s wishes.
“We have always prioritised legal, orderly and safe migration for all,” she said. Ms Benyaich did not comment on what prompted the migrants to cross into Ceuta.
But authorities in both Ceuta and Madrid linked it to a recent decision by Spain’s Supreme Court that ruled migrants arriving by sea could not be summarily deported, unlike those who cross by land or climb the border fence.
Mr Sanchez said migrant smugglers misinterpreted the ruling, but acknowledged that it may have played a role in sowing chaos.
“It appears that this interpretation of the Supreme Court’s ruling spread like wildfire over the past few hours through the networks of human trafficking organisations, triggering the kind of mass surge we witnessed yesterday,” Mr Sanchez said.
Spain is a main point of arrival into Europe for migrants seeking better economic opportunities or an escape from violence in their home countries.
To reach Ceuta, located on the northern African coast, migrants often swim from the Moroccan town of Fnideq, covering about three miles to reach Spanish territory. Others attempt the crossing from the nearby town of Belyounech, where the distance is shorter.
Mr Sanchez has bucked the anti-migration trend that has gained ground across Europe and in the US. While the Trump administration and other European countries have tightened their borders and stepped up deportations, Spain earlier this year moved to give residency and work permits to hundreds of thousands of migrants already living in the country without permission.
Mr Sanchez argued that it would be good for the economy and the demographics of an ageing Spain. Migrants who entered irregularly after January 1 2026 were not included.
But his critics have jumped on the opportunity granted them by the endless reels of young Moroccans streaming into Ceuta to attack his policy, saying it encouraged more migrants to come to Spain.
“Sanchez allows Spain to be invaded through Ceuta,” Spanish conservative politician Isabel Daaz Ayuso wrote on X.
Mr Sanchez on Friday distanced the migrant legalisation push from the events unfolding in Ceuta.
The chaos had ripple effects abroad as well. Premier Giorgia Meloni threatened to suspend Italy’s open-border Schengen agreement with Spain “to defend our borders and ensure the safety of our citizens”, even though Italy does not share a border with Spain and is also a main entry point for tens of thousands of migrants crossing the Mediterranean from North Africa each year.
French interior minister Laurent Nunez said France would also strengthen border checks with Spain, writing on X that he had activated the Rapid Intervention Border Force.
“This crisis in Ceuta has nothing to do with the regularisation of migrants adopted by the government of Spain, as is being falsely claimed by some,” the Spanish government said in a statement late Thursday after Ms Meloni’s announcement. It also summoned Italy’s ambassador in Madrid.
“This crisis stems from an interpretation of a Supreme Court’s decision, according to which people who swim illegally across the border cannot be returned,” the Spanish government said. The decision has been exploited by smugglers who take advantage of vulnerable migrants, it added.
Some activists in Morocco expressed doubt that the ruling was behind the surge, arguing most migrants would have been unaware of such legal decisions.
Migrants from Morocco also attempted to cross into Melilla, Spain’s other territory at the tip of North Africa.
There was widespread chaos in Bni Nsar, the Moroccan town bordering the Spanish territory, where migrants clashed with police, throwing rocks and setting police vehicles on fire, according to local media and rights groups. They reported injuries among security forces and the arrest of dozens of people attempting to cross.
Omar Naji of the local branch of the Moroccan Association of Human Rights told AP that the crossing attempts into Melilla appeared to be linked to the situation in Ceuta.
Like Ceuta, Melilla is a Spanish autonomous city on the North African coast. Many Moroccans consider both cities to be occupied territory.
Mr Vivas had warned earlier this week that migrant reception centres were overwhelmed as arrivals by sea had steadily been increasing before the chaos erupted on Thursday.
Spain’s Interior Ministry would not confirm the number of migrants who had made it to Ceuta but said it would publish its next migration report on Monday.
Ceuta has been a Spanish possession since 1580. Its mixed population of Christians and Muslims, Spanish and Moroccan residents and day workers, lives in relative harmony.
